The sea can be a cruel mistress. As can the weather. And changes in industry. Coastal villages are at the whims of all three, vulnerable to any sudden changes or slow-evolving shifts to the landscape underneath them. Echoes of such villages are peppered along the British coastline, lost to time. Some have been lost to the sea, while others were enveloped by shifting sands. Storms have claimed villages, while industry and wars have decimated and displaced communities.
These are the stories of the abandoned coastal villages around the UK that have been claimed by eroding coastlines, floods and other factors beyond their control.
Britain's abandoned coastal villages
Kenfig, South Wales
Encroaching sand swallowed up Kenfig, between Bridgend and Port Talbot on the South Wales coast, in the 14th and 15th centuries. The village was once a small Roman settlement, with a fort that has been suggested to be the “lost fort” between Cardiff and Neath, and there is some evidence that the area was home to some Vikings at some point.
You’d be hard pressed to spot it now, but there used to be a thriving port at Kenfig. The sand was a constant problem throughout the 14th century, and with the outbreak of the Black Death (one of the deadliest medieval diseases), time was almost up for the village. On his visit to Kenfig in 1538, John Leland wrote about the “little village […] and castle, both in ruin, almost choked and devoured by the sands.”
Dunwich, Suffolk
The village of Dunwich still stands a few miles from Southwold (one of Britain's best beach-hut breaks), on the Suffolk coast, but it used to be a much larger town. In the 11th century, it had a large port, a naval base, two seats in parliament and one-sixth of the population of London.
Unfortunately, the coastline in which it stands is one of the fastest eroding in Europe. Couple this with a storm surge in 1286, and two ‘great storms’ the following year, and the decline was sealed.
Dunwich is now home to fewer than 200 people, with just a couple of amenities and a pub. Many of the original buildings were pulled over a cliff, and now rest up to ten metres below the waterline. Despite this, some are still identifiable.
Hallsands, South Devon
Quite a famous example of an abandoned coastal village is Hallsands in South Devon. At the turn of the 20th century, it was the home of around 160 people and a small fishing community, but by 1917, only one house was habitable.
To accommodate the proposed expansion of a dockyard near Plymouth, dredging of Hallsands’ beach started in the 1890s, and almost immediately, the beach level dropped. The sand and gravel was dredged and taken over to contribute to the new Keyham dockyard – and although dredging can be an effective natural flood defence, it removed the natural sea defences because it gradually eroded the beach.
The beach had protected the village from all but the worst storms, and with much of the sand gone, Hallsands became very vulnerable to storm force wind and waves.
The remnants of the fishing village are not open to the public, but a viewing platform was built up on the hill overlooking Hallsands.
Rattray, Aberdeenshire
Much like Dunwich, the Aberdeenshire village of Rattray lost the battle against shifting sands. A storm in the 18th century covered the village in sand from nearby Rattray Head.
Before that, Mary, Queen of Scots in 1563, had named Rattray a Royal Burgh, and it is thought that the village had been occupied a further five thousand years previously. Nowadays, there is a very small village at Rattray, just off the A90, a couple of miles further inland than the old settlement.
Binnend, Fife
The abandonment of Binnend, near Fife, was not the result of coastal erosion, but due to industry. The village was built in the 1880s to house the people who worked at the nearby shale oil extraction works.
Binnend comprised of just 128 homes, but had a population of more than 750, so many of the houses were horribly overcrowded. Some reports even say that workers had to sleep in the loft rafters.
The extraction works closed after just over a decade, and nearly everyone in the town left very quickly. In current times, the local town of Burntisland has swallowed the village.
Tyneham, Dorset
It could be argued that Tyneham, in the Purbeck region of Dorset, isn’t really abandoned, but in 1943 the whole village population (over 200 people) were displaced and not allowed to return. In turn, it's become one of the eerily deserted villages in the UK.
In the run up to Christmas of that year, the village was commandeered by the War Office (now the Ministry of Defence) for use as a training range for soldiers, and in 1948 it bought the village outright to continue army exercises.
Despite being a military training area, the area has flourished with wildlife, as the land has not been subject to farming or housing development. There are numerous footpaths through the village that are open when the firing range isn’t being used, although some of the original buildings have become derelict or have been damaged from as a result of shelling. You can visit Tyneham by heading inland from the South West Coast Path.
Eccles, Norfolk
Coastal flooding and erosion had destroyed most of the Norfolk village of Eccles by the turn of the 17th century. After a serious flood in 1604, the village was left with just fourteen houses, and flooding in 1895 destroyed the church tower.
The Norfolk coast is infamous for being one of the fastest eroding coastlines in Europe, because of a mix of soft clay and the battering waves of the North Sea. Along the coast, a number of villages have been abandoned or lost due to the power of the sea. Local records suggest the villages of Clare and Foulness succumbed to erosion in the 15th century, while other villages lost include Ness, Keswick, Newton, Shipden and Waxham Parva.
Ravenser Odd, Norfolk
Much like the Norfolk villages that were lost to the sea, Ravenser Odd, at the mouth of the Humber, was prone to coastal erosion.
At one time, the town was a thriving seaport, and deemed more important than Hull. Numerous cargo ships and fishing boats called the town home, and at its peak, it was of national importance because of its regular supply of ships to the king. The town was even mentioned by Shakespeare’s character Richard II.
By the middle of the 14th century, Ravenser Odd had been completely destroyed by the sea’s powerful erosion. Reports from 1346 suggest that a large majority of the town had gone, and it was essentially non-existent by the 1360s, having been destroyed by the ferocious Grote Mandrenke storm.
Winchelsea, East Sussex
Winchelsea, near Hastings on the East Sussex coast, has been effectively lost not once, but twice. Old Winchelsea was a fairly important town in the 13th century, with trade links to northern France and its wine regions. Records show that there were over 700 houses and a plethora of inns and taverns around this time, suggesting a population of a couple of thousand people.
Throughout the century, the sea was a common problem for the residents of Winchelsea, and in 1287 much of the town was destroyed after a large flood. The town was rebuilt very close to the original location, with a tidal harbour, which was overcome by silt in the 16th century. Interestingly, the town had previously been the subject of French and Spanish raids during the Hundred Years’ War.
In present times, a large part of the village is situated a little bit further inland, on a hillside.
Skipsea, Yorkshire
Skipsea, on the Holderness coast in East Riding of Yorkshire, is a part of this list because it is likely to soon become lost to the sea. There have been over 30 towns and villages lost along this stretch of coast, including the previously mentioned Ravenser Odd.
Annually, nearly two metres of coastline recedes at Skipsea, and it’s estimated that in the past 10,000 years, an area of land 12 miles wide has been eroded away. Originally, the village of Skipsea was located next to a lake, but it is now a seaside village due to the sheer rate of erosion.
Residents of the village expect another twenty or so houses to disappear in the next few years alone.
The future villages lost to coastal erosion
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